Oracle BLOCKCHAIN TABLES
Version 21c

General Information
Library Note Morgan's Library Page Header
ACE Director Alum Daniel Morgan, founder of Morgan's Library, is scheduling complimentary technical Workshops on Database Security for the first 30 Oracle Database customers located anywhere in North America, EMEA, LATAM, or APAC that send an email to asra_us@oracle.com. Request a Workshop for your organization today.
Purpose Blockchain tables are intended to provide an extremely tamper resistant means of storing relational data in a form wherein it can be accessed using SQL. Blockchain tables intended for use in an environment where it is required that the ledger be distributed to multiple organizations/locations, but clearly that distribution is possible if one considers integration with data distribution tools such as Data Guard and GoldenGate.
Data Dictionary Objects
ALL_SEGMENTS PROCEDUREBLOCKCHAININFO$ DBA_TABLES
ALL_TAB_COLS CDB_SEGMENTS DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE_LIB
ALL_TABLES CDB_TAB_COLS USER_SEGMENTS
BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE$ CDB_TABLES USER_TAB_COLS
BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE_CHAIN$ DBA_SEGMENTS USER_TABLES
BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE_EPOCH$ DBA_TAB_COLS  
Exceptions
Error Code Reason
ORA-05715 operation not allowed on the blockchain or immutable table
ORA-05723 drop blockchain or immutable table <table_name> not allowed
ORA-05729 blockchain or immutable table cannot be created in root container
First Available 20c, back-ported to 19.11
System Privileges
ALTER ANY TABLE CREATE ANY TABLE DROP ANY TABLE
ALTER TABLE CREATE TABLE DROP TABLE
 
General (new 20c)
Block Change table CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE <schema_name>.<table_name>(
<column_name> <column_data_type>)
NO DROP [UNTIL <integer> DAYS IDLE]
NO DELETE [UNTIL <integer DAYS AFTER INSERT]
HASHING USING "<hashing_algorithm>" VERSION "<version_number>"
[sharing_clause]
[memoptimize_clause]
[relational_properties];
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE c##uwclass.ledger1(
tx_id INTEGER,
tx_date DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE UNTIL 31 DAYS AFTER INSERT
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
TABLESPACE uwdata;
Block Change table with LOCKED CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE <schema_name>.<table_name>(
<column_name> <column_data_type>)
NO DROP [UNTIL <integer> DAYS IDLE]
NO DELETE UNTIL <integer> DAYS AFTER INSERT [LOCKED]
HASHING USING "<hashing_algorithm>" VERSION "<version_number>"
[sharing_clause]
[memoptimize_clause]
[relational_properties];
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE uwclass.ledger2(
tx_id INTEGER,
tx_date DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE UNTIL 90 DAYS AFTER INSERT LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
TABLESPACE uwdata;
Block Chain table with range partitioning

This was enabled in 20c but is not available in 21.1.		 CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE <schema_name>.<table_name>(
<column_name> <column_data_type>)
NO DROP [UNTIL <integer> DAYS IDLE]
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "<hashing_algorithm>" VERSION "<version_number>"
PARTITION BY ....;
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE uwclass.ledger_partitioned(
tx_id     NUMBER,
tx_date   DATE,
grantor   VARCHAR2(60),
grantee   VARCHAR2(60))
NO DROP UNTIL 60 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
PARTITION BY RANGE(trans_date) (
 PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2018','dd-mm-yyyy')),
 PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2019','dd-mm-yyyy')),
 PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2020','dd-mm-yyyy')),
 PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2021','dd-mm-yyyy')));

Table created.
Blockchain Table Reverse Engineered -- reformatted for legibility

SELECT dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE', 'LEDGER2','UWCLASS') FROM dual;

CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE "UWCLASS"."LEDGER2" (
 "TX_ID"   NUMBER(*,0),
 "TX_DATE" DATE,
 "TX_VALUE" NUMBER(10,2))
SEGMENT CREATION DEFERRED
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE UNTIL 31 DAYS AFTER INSERT
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
PCTFREE 10 PCTUSED 40 INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 255
NOCOMPRESS LOGGING
TABLESPACE "USERS"
BEGIN
  -- insert chain$ rows
  -- insert epoch$ rows
  SYS.DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE.IMPORT_EPOCH(
    SCHEMA_NAME => 'UWCLASS',
    TABLE_NAME => 'LEDGER2',
    EPOCH_NUM => 1,
    REASON_ID => 1,
    PDB_GUID => 'B6355315C77F2BECE0531000000A714D',
    HASH_ALGO => 1,
    HASH_FORMAT => 1);

  -- insert import epoch$ row
  SYS.DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE.IMPORT_EPOCH(
    SCHEMA_NAME => 'UWCLASS',
    TABLE_NAME => 'LEDGER2',
    EPOCH_NUM => 2,
    REASON_ID => 2,
    PDB_GUID => NULL,
    HASH_ALGO => 1,
    HASH_FORMAT => 1);
END;

SELECT * FROM blockchain_table_chain$;

no rows selected

SELECT obj#, epoch#, pdb_guid
FROM blockchain_table_epoch$;

 OBJ# EPOCH# PDB_GUID
----- ------ ---------------------------------
76001      1 B6355315C77F2BECE0531000000A714D

SELECT obj#, hash_algorithm#, hash_data_format_version#, reason#
FROM blockchain_table_epoch$;

 OBJ# HASH_ALGORITHM# HASH_DATA_FORMAT_VERSION# REASON#
----- --------------- ------------------------- -------
76001               1                         1       1
 
Blockchain Table Demos
  conn / as sysdba

CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE uwclass.ledger0 (
tx_id    INTEGER,
tx_date  DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1";
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE ledger0 (txn_id INTEGER, tx_date DATE, tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-05729: blockchain table cannot be created in root container

ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=PDBDEV;

CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE uwclass.ledger0(
tx_id INTEGER,
tx_date DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1";

Table created.

SQL> desc uwclass.ledger0
Name                          Null?    Type
----------------------------- -------- --------------------
TX_ID                                  NUMBER(38)
TX_DATE                                DATE
TX_VALUE                               NUMBER(10,2)

SELECT column_id, column_name, data_type, hidden_column, virtual_column, user_generated
FROM dba_tab_cols
WHERE owner = 'UWCLASS'
AND table_name = 'LEDGER0'
ORDER BY user_generated, column_id;

COLUMN_ID  COLUMN_NAME               DATA_TYPE                    HID VIR USE
---------- ------------------------- ---------------------------- --- --- ---
           ORABCTAB_CREATION_TIME$   TIMESTAMP(6) WITH TIME ZONE  YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_SIGNATURE_CERT$  RAW                          YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_SIGNATURE_ALG$   NUMBER                       YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_INST_ID$         NUMBER                       YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_CHAIN_ID$        NUMBER                       YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_SEQ_NUM$         NUMBER                       YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_SPARE$           RAW                          YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_USER_NUMBER$     NUMBER                       YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_HASH$            RAW                          YES NO  NO
           ORABCTAB_SIGNATURE$       RAW                          YES NO  NO
         1 TX_ID                     NUMBER                       NO  NO  YES
         2 TX_DATE                   DATE                         NO  NO  YES
         3 TX_VALUE                  NUMBER                       NO  NO  YES

INSERT INTO uwclass.ledger0
(tx_id, tx_date, tx_value)
VALUES
(1, SYSDATE, 100);

1 row created.

COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SELECT * FROM uwclass.ledger0;

 TX_ID     TX_DATE           TX_VALUE
------ -------------------- ---------
     1 30-DEC-2020 21:40:58       100

col ORABCTAB_CREATION_TIME$ format a40
col ORABCTAB_HASH$ format a130

SELECT orabctab_user_number$, orabctab_creation_time$, orabctab_inst_id$
FROM uwclass.ledger0;

ORABCTAB_USER_NUMBER$ ORABCTAB_CREATION_TIME$                ORABCTAB_INST_ID$
--------------------- -------------------------------------- -----------------
                    0 30-DEC-20 09.41.15.962751 PM +00:00                    1

SELECT orabctab_chain_id$, orabctab_seq_num$
FROM uwclass.ledger0;

ORABCTAB_CHAIN_ID$ ORABCTAB_SEQ_NUM$
------------------ -----------------
                28                 1

SELECT orabctab_hash$
FROM uwclass.ledger0;

ORABCTAB_HASH$
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EDB342BB5A6D3DC4731AE30BEC65BEDA23EDE4655F73A6A0BA14B2BEBC580C7636AE400853181B934A15855EF3284E7A0D71C212368862A0000CE1DFF6514135

SELECT object_name, object_type
FROM dba_objects_ae
WHERE object_name = 'LEDGER0';

OBJECT_NAME                    OBJECT_TYPE
------------------------------ -------------------------
LEDGER0                        TABLE

SELECT object_name, object_type
FROM dba_objects_ae
WHERE owner = 'UWCLASS'
AND object_name = 'LEDGER0';

OBJECT_TYPE
-------------------
TABLE

SELECT table_name, table_type
FROM dba_all_tables
WHERE owner = 'UWCLASS'
AND table_name = 'LEDGER0';

TABLE_NAME      TABLE_TYPE
--------------- -------------------
LEDGER0

SELECT segment_name, segment_type
FROM dba_segments
WHERE owner = 'UWCLASS'
AND segment_name = 'LEDGER0';

SEGMENT_NAME                   SEGMENT_TYPE
------------------------------ ------------------
LEDGER0                        TABLE

UPDATE ledger0 SET tx_value = 200;
UPDATE ledger0 SET tx_value = 200
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-05715: operation not allowed on the blockchain table

DELETE FROM ledger0;
DELETE FROM ledger0
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-05715: operation not allowed on the blockchain table

TRUNCATE TABLE ledger0;
TRUNCATE TABLE ledger0
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-05715: operation not allowed on the blockchain table

DROP TABLE ledger0;
DROP TABLE ledger0
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-05723: drop blockchain or immutable table LEDGER0 not allowed
 
BlockChain Table Queries
TAB$ Query SELECT so.name, st.spare7
FROM sys.obj$ so, sys.tab$ st
WHERE so.obj# = st.obj#
AND ctime > sysdate-1/48

NAME         SPARE7
----------- -------
HEAPTAB              -- heap
LEDGER1         128  -- blockchain
AUDIT1         2048  -- immutable
Tim Hall's Query col schema_name format a30
col table_name format a30
col row_retention format a13
col row_retention_locked format a20
col table_inactivity_retention format a26
col hash_algorithm format a14

SELECT schema_name, table_name, row_retention, row_retention_locked,  table_inactivity_retention, hash_algorithm
FROM dba_blockchain_tables;

Related Topics
Built-in Functions
Built-in Packages
Database Security
DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE
DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_UTL
DBMS_IMMUTABLE_TABLE
DBMS_TABLE_DATA
DBMS_USER_CERTS
Immutable Tables
Object Privileges
System Privileges
Tables
What's New In 21c
What's New In 23c