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Purpose
Blockchain tables are intended to provide an extremely tamper resistant means of storing relational data in a form wherein it can be accessed using SQL.
Blockchain tables intended for use in an environment where it is required that the ledger be distributed to multiple organizations/locations, but clearly that distribution is possible if one considers integration with data distribution tools such as Data Guard and GoldenGate.
Data Dictionary Objects
ALL_SEGMENTS
PROCEDUREBLOCKCHAININFO$
DBA_TABLES
ALL_TAB_COLS
CDB_SEGMENTS
DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE_LIB
ALL_TABLES
CDB_TAB_COLS
USER_SEGMENTS
BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE$
CDB_TABLES
USER_TAB_COLS
BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE_CHAIN$
DBA_SEGMENTS
USER_TABLES
BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE_EPOCH$
DBA_TAB_COLS
Exceptions
Error Code
Reason
ORA-05715
operation not allowed on the blockchain or immutable table
ORA-05723
drop blockchain or immutable table <table_name> not allowed
ORA-05729
blockchain or immutable table cannot be created in root container
First Available
20c, back-ported to 19.11
System Privileges
ALTER ANY TABLE
CREATE ANY TABLE
DROP ANY TABLE
ALTER TABLE
CREATE TABLE
DROP TABLE
General (new 20c)
Block Change table
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE <schema_name>.<table_name>(
<column_name> <column_data_type>)
NO DROP [UNTIL <integer> DAYS IDLE]
NO DELETE [UNTIL <integer DAYS AFTER INSERT]
HASHING USING "<hashing_algorithm>" VERSION "<version_number>"
[sharing_clause]
[memoptimize_clause]
[relational_properties];
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE
c##uwclass.ledger1(
tx_id INTEGER,
tx_date DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE UNTIL 31 DAYS AFTER INSERT
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
TABLESPACE uwdata;
Block Change table with LOCKED
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE <schema_name>.<table_name>(
<column_name> <column_data_type>)
NO DROP [UNTIL <integer> DAYS IDLE]
NO DELETE UNTIL <integer> DAYS AFTER INSERT [LOCKED]
HASHING USING "<hashing_algorithm>" VERSION "<version_number>"
[sharing_clause]
[memoptimize_clause]
[relational_properties];
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE
uwclass.ledger2(
tx_id INTEGER,
tx_date DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE UNTIL 90 DAYS AFTER INSERT LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
TABLESPACE uwdata;
Block Chain table with range partitioning
This was enabled in 20c but is not available in 21.1.
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE <schema_name>.<table_name>(
<column_name> <column_data_type>)
NO DROP [UNTIL <integer> DAYS IDLE]
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "<hashing_algorithm>" VERSION "<version_number>"
PARTITION BY ....;
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE
uwclass.ledger_partitioned(
tx_id NUMBER,
tx_date DATE,
grantor VARCHAR2(60),
grantee VARCHAR2(60))
NO DROP UNTIL 60 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
PARTITION BY RANGE(trans_date)
(
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2018','dd-mm-yyyy')),
PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2019','dd-mm-yyyy')),
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2020','dd-mm-yyyy')),
PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-01-2021','dd-mm-yyyy')));
Table created.
Blockchain Table Reverse Engineered
-- reformatted for legibility
SELECT dbms_metadata.get_ddl('TABLE', 'LEDGER2','UWCLASS') FROM dual;
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE "UWCLASS"."LEDGER2" (
"TX_ID" NUMBER(*,0),
"TX_DATE" DATE,
"TX_VALUE" NUMBER(10,2))
SEGMENT CREATION DEFERRED
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE UNTIL 31 DAYS AFTER INSERT
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1"
PCTFREE 10 PCTUSED 40 INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 255
NOCOMPRESS LOGGING
TABLESPACE "USERS"
BEGIN
-- insert chain$ rows
-- insert epoch$ rows
SYS.DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE.IMPORT_EPOCH(
SCHEMA_NAME => 'UWCLASS',
TABLE_NAME => 'LEDGER2',
EPOCH_NUM => 1,
REASON_ID => 1,
PDB_GUID => 'B6355315C77F2BECE0531000000A714D',
HASH_ALGO => 1,
HASH_FORMAT => 1);
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE uwclass.ledger0 (
tx_id INTEGER,
tx_date DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1";
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE ledger0 (txn_id INTEGER, tx_date DATE, tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-05729: blockchain table cannot be created in root container
ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER=PDBDEV;
CREATE BLOCKCHAIN TABLE uwclass.ledger0(
tx_id INTEGER,
tx_date DATE,
tx_value NUMBER(10,2))
NO DROP UNTIL 31 DAYS IDLE
NO DELETE LOCKED
HASHING USING "SHA2_512" VERSION "v1";
Table created.
SQL> desc uwclass.ledger0 Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- --------------------
TX_ID NUMBER(38)
TX_DATE DATE
TX_VALUE NUMBER(10,2)
SELECT column_id, column_name, data_type, hidden_column, virtual_column, user_generated
FROM dba_tab_cols
WHERE owner = 'UWCLASS'
AND table_name = 'LEDGER0'
ORDER BY user_generated, column_id;
COLUMN_ID COLUMN_NAME DATA_TYPE HID VIR USE
---------- ------------------------- ---------------------------- --- --- ---
ORABCTAB_CREATION_TIME$ TIMESTAMP(6) WITH TIME ZONE YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_SIGNATURE_CERT$ RAW YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_SIGNATURE_ALG$ NUMBER YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_INST_ID$ NUMBER YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_CHAIN_ID$ NUMBER YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_SEQ_NUM$ NUMBER YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_SPARE$ RAW YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_USER_NUMBER$ NUMBER YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_HASH$ RAW YES NO NO
ORABCTAB_SIGNATURE$ RAW YES NO NO 1 TX_ID NUMBER NO NO YES
2 TX_DATE DATE NO NO YES
3 TX_VALUE NUMBER NO NO YES
INSERT INTO uwclass.ledger0
(tx_id, tx_date, tx_value)
VALUES
(1, SYSDATE, 100);
col schema_name format a30
col table_name format a30
col row_retention format a13
col row_retention_locked format a20
col table_inactivity_retention format a26
col hash_algorithm format a14
SELECT schema_name, table_name, row_retention, row_retention_locked, table_inactivity_retention, hash_algorithm
FROM dba_blockchain_tables;